P1
To work out this code to 8bit binary you have to go according
to the table and get each number and letter and convert it into to decimal
first and then binary
ABC0111:
C=12=00001100
0100 0011
0=0=000000000
0011 0000
1=1=00000001
00000001
1=1=00000001
00000001
1=1=00000001[PP1] 00000001
I have converted the numbers and letters into decimal using
the Aski Ascii table. This is so it is
then easier to convert the decimal into binary. This is what the machine has to
do every time it reads a QR code. After it has done this it can be used to
search all the databases to find the required database and this can then tell
the machine anything to with that product such as units sold or how many units
are on order .
|
Height (metres)
|
Temperature (Celsius)
|
Atmospheric Pressure (kPa)
|
|
100
|
15
|
100.15
|
|
6000
|
-38
|
48.21
|
This table is what the computer in the weather balloon has
to store. The computer is a 16bit computer.
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096,
8192, 16384, 32768
The height will always be stored
|
Height
(metres)
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
32768
|
16384
|
8192
|
4096
|
2048
|
1024
|
512
|
256
|
128
|
64
|
32
|
16
|
8
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
|
100
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
|
6000
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
the
sign and magnitude have less range of the number which could be very useful
when we want to convert temperature into binary because low range of numbers gives more
accurate results which are needed in some parts.
The
compiment method can be used with large rage of number which are not useful when
we converting temperature or atmospheric pressure into binary. Because the
range of numbers that are used can be affected decreasing the accuracy.
1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,32768
|
Temperature
(Celsius)
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
32768
|
16384
|
8192
|
4096
|
2048
|
1024
|
512
|
256
|
128
|
64
|
32
|
16
|
8
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
|
15
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
-38
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
|
Flip
Bits
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
|
+1
to the significant bit
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
|
Therefore
|
-32768
|
+16384
|
+8192
|
+4096
|
+2048
|
+1024
|
+512
|
+256
|
+128
|
+64
|
0
|
+16
|
+8
|
0
|
+2
|
0
|
This
has been stored as two’s complement binary because it does not have decimal
point. Two’s complement has more accuracy for real numbers but if the number
has a decimal point then two’s complement will not work it would have to be
either fixed or floating point.
|
Atmospheric
Pressure
(kPa)
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
Sign
|
Mantissa
|
Exponent
|
|||||||||||||
|
100.15
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
|
48.21
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
|
64
|
32
|
16
|
8
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
.
|
0.5
|
0.25
|
0.125
|
0.0625
|
0.03125
|
0.015625
|
0.0078125
|
0.00390625
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
100.15 Binary conversion
100.15 Binary conversion
|
Bits
|
Multiplication
|
Answer
|
Binary Conversion
|
|
1
|
.15 x 2
|
0.3
|
0
|
|
2
|
0.3x2
|
0.6
|
0
|
|
3
|
0.6x2
|
1.2
|
1
|
|
4
|
0.2x2
|
0.4
|
0
|
|
5
|
0.4x2
|
0.8
|
0
|
|
6
|
0.8x2
|
1.6
|
1
|
|
7
|
0.6x2
|
1.2
|
1
|
|
8
|
0.2x2
|
0.4
|
0
|
15= 00100110
100=11001000
100.15=1100100.00100110
|
128
|
64
|
32
|
16
|
8
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
.
|
0.5
|
0.25
|
0.125
|
0.0625
|
0.03125
|
0.015625
|
0.0078125
|
0.00390625
|
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bianry conversion 48 011000000
|
Bits
|
Multiplication
|
Answer
|
Binary Conversion
|
|
1
|
0.21x2
|
0.42
|
0
|
|
2
|
0.42x2
|
0.84
|
0
|
|
3
|
0.84x2
|
1.68
|
1
|
|
4
|
0.68x2
|
1.36
|
1
|
|
5
|
0.36x2
|
0.72
|
0
|
|
6
|
0.72x2
|
1.44
|
1
|
|
7
|
0.44x2
|
0.88
|
0
|
|
8
|
0.88x2
|
1.76
|
1
|
48 = 00110000
21= 00110101
48.21 = 00110000.00110101
|
+5
|
|
-5
|
The
Joystick is connected to potentiometers. Each potentiometer is used to record
for left and right and forward and backwards movements. When the controller
makes a movement the potentiometer sends the details of the Y and X coordinates
to the CPU and the required movement is achieved. [PP3]
The charges with in the analogue
stick would register whether the stick goes up and down it identifies these as
when the stick goes up it is registered as -5 because it receives a charge
it registers +5 as going down this
is how the controller tells the difference between each data and stores it in binary
if the voltage were more accurate
than the sensitivity of the joy stick will be increased the sensitivity it
works within the sensor inside the controller
The joysticks are connected to
meters which show the movement of the x
and y coordination and sends the results to the cpu to give the desired
movement
The joystick also has a electronic
device that converts an input analogue votlage in to digital replica so the
computer ill bea ble to understand and read it and able to carry out commands
which the computer will be able to understand however there are other output
the computer may use like the gray code
An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an
electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital
number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current. However, some
non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders,
can also be considered ADCs.
The digital output may use different coding schemes.
Typically the digital output will be a two's complement binary number that is
proportional to the input, but there are other possibilities. An encoder, for
example, might output a Gray code.
Analogue Signal Binary
Conversion
Forward +5v =4+1
=0101
+4v
=4 =0100
+3v
=2+1 = 0011
+2v
=2 = 0010
+1
=1 = 0001
Still +0v
=0=0000
Backwards -1v
=(-8)+4+2+1=1111
-
-2v =(-8)+4+2+1=1111
-
3v
=(-8)+4+1=1101
-4v
=(-8)+4=1100
-5v
=(-8)+2+1=1011
0000
0000 1111 1111 0000 0000
A digital camera has a
light-sensing grid called CMOS which can record light as binary data that
presents the brightness and the colour frequencies. It records the data for
millions of individual points called pixels which can be put together to
recreate the original image. This is the same technology used in almost all
computer images.
To send a picture to a friend by
email to do this you need the image to be converted in the language that the
computer recognizes bits and bytes. [PP4]
A microphone works a bit like your eardrum: That electricity
is the sound, but instead of waves in air it's sent as waves in electrical
voltage. Sound recording equipment then transfers the
microphone's electrical signal to some kind of storage, like tape, or it might
be converted into digital data that you can store to a computer. It has to
convert it into binary so the computer can communicate[PP5] .
Bit Depth
In digital audio, bit depth describes the number of bits of
information recorded for each sample. Bit depth directly corresponds to the
resolution of each sample in a set of digital audio data. Other examples of bit
depth include CD quality audio, which is recorded at 16 bits, and Super Audio
CD, DVD-Audio and Blu-ray Disc, all of which can support up to 24-bit audio.
In digital audio , bit depth describes the potential accuracy
of a particular piece of hardware or software that processes audio data. In
general, the more bits that are available, the more accurate the resulting
output from the data being processed.
|
streaming.wisconsin.edu
|
Sample Rate
In developing an audio sound for computers or
telecommunication, the sample rate is the number of samples of a sound that are
taken per second to represent the event digitally.The more samples taken per
second, the more accurate the digital representation of the sound can be. For
example, the current sample rate for CD-quality audio is 44,100 samples per
second. This sample rate can accurately reproduce the audio frequencies up to
20,500 hertz, covering the full range of human hearing.
|
www.dolphinmusic.co.uk
|
P1
Atmospheric
Pressure (100.15) in binary
|
+/-
|
64
|
32
|
16
|
8
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
.
|
.5
|
.25
|
.125
|
.0625
|
.03125
|
.015625
|
.0078125
|
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
.
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Atmospheric
Pressure (48.21) in binary
|
+/-
|
64
|
32
|
16
|
8
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
.
|
.5
|
.25
|
.125
|
.0625
|
.03125
|
.015625
|
.0078125
|
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
.
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Pressure values are real numbers.
2 methods to store: Fixed Point and Floating point
Fixed Point:
Fixed point numbers are a simple
and easy way to express fractional numbers, using a fixed number of bits.
Systems without floating-point use fixed-point numbers to represent fractional
numbers.
This has been stored as floating
point binary because it does have decimal point. Floating point is less
accurate than two’s complement but two’s complement cannot be used when there
is a decimal point so the other option is floating point because the decimal
can be moved and it this means that the computer can then understand that the
binary code is means that there is a decimal point in it.
Floating point:
The Floating Point allows the
binary indication of real numbers, with the exponent bits showing the system
where the decimal place is within the number. Accuracy is dependent on the
number of bits used as some decimals can be difficult to indicate within a few
bits as the decimal will have to be rounded as close to the actual value as
possible. However, Fixed Point keeps the decimal in the same place which can be
useful if the user requires a system that stores multiple numbers with a
decimal in the same place, such as currency of temperature that is accurate to
2 decimal places.
|
16384
|
8192
|
4096
|
2048
|
1024
|
512
|
256
|
128
|
64
|
32
|
16
|
8
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
Tempeture
(15 C) in binary
|
+/-
|
8192
|
4096
|
2048
|
1024
|
512
|
256
|
128
|
64
|
32
|
16
|
8
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
Temperature
(-38) in binary
|
-16384
|
8192
|
4096
|
2048
|
1024
|
512
|
256
|
128
|
64
|
32
|
16
|
8
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
|
+/-
|
8192
|
4096
|
2048
|
1024
|
512
|
256
|
128
|
64
|
32
|
16
|
8
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
The 2
complement method can be used with large range of numbers which are useless when
we converting temperature or atmospheric pressure into binary because range of
numbers which are used in both situations are lower and can be affected into
decreasing accuracy of the result in binary format.
Sign of magnitude: Negative numbers in any base
are represented by prefixing them with a – sign for example -38. In computers are represented in bit. 0 for a
positive number, and set to 1 for a negative number. The remaining bits in the
number indicate the magnitude. You show a sign in this way placing a
"+" or "−" next to the number's magnitude
[PP1]You have
included conversion and mentioned the Binary Coded decimal method.
[PP2]For
all of these, you are expected to identify and describe the method or methods
(if there is more than one) which is used to convert and store these data.
Show actual conversions using each one of those
methods. For e.g. for signed numbers which is temperature in this case, explain
and show converisons using both sign and magnitude and twos complement methods.
[PP3]You
explanation does not include what data will be stored and how.
You have a range
of voltage values from -5V to +5V. Show how the analog data is converted to
digital including a graph.
Also, how can you widen your digital range to make this
as accurate as posssible?
[PP4]ok
[PP5]Again,
how can the accuracy be improved? Talk about sample rate and bit depth. Include
reference for your image.
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